Santa Clara County

History

Pen Pictures From The Garden of the World or Santa Clara County, California, Illustrated. - Edited by H. S. Foote.- Chicago:  The Lewis Publishing Company, 1888.

[Biographies contained in this portion of the book will also be found at:  http://www.calarchives4u.com/Biographies/sclara/index.htm]

CHURCHES.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—

        Is situated on the west side of Second Street, near its intersection with Santa Clara Street. The organization was effected in the fall of 1849, with the following members: Wm. Campbell, Mark Williams and wife, Asa Finley and wife, John Jones and wife, Mrs. Nancy Young, and a French gentleman and wife whose names are forgotten. Very soon after, a building on Third Street, opposite Moody's mills, was purchased by them and dedicated early in the year 1850. July, 1853, it was moved to the corner of Second and Santa Clara Streets, and enlarged.

        In 1868 a frame building, capable of holding six hundred persons, was erected on the lot upon which the present edifice now stands. On the twenty-second of February, 1868, this church was burned to the ground by a supposed anti-Chinese incendiary. The loss was $18,000. Another building was erected on the same site, at a cost of $21,000, and was dedicated on the eighteenth of July, 1869, Bishop Kingsley preaching the sermon.

        There have been seventeen pastors appointed to the charge since its organization, as follows: Revs. Charles McClay, William J. McClay (twice), Mr. Brier, Robert R. Dunlap, William Hulbert, John Daniels, Mr. Phillips, R. Y. Cool, Thomas Dunn (twice), P. G. Buchanan, Isaac Owens, D. A. Dryden, John R. Tanzy, E. S. Todd, C. C. Stratton, R. L. Horford, Frank F. Jewell, Robert Bentley, T. S. Dunn, Frank F. Jewell, D. D. In 1882, about $8,000 was expended in building a brick addition to basement of church for use of Sunday-school, social hall, etc., and in placing a new organ in the church. The church has been refurnished throughout, and $2,000 of the church debt paid off this year.

Methodist Episcopal Church, South.—

        On the twenty-fifth day of May, 1851, Rev. A. L. Wynne organized this society with the following-named members: Charles Campbell, Nancy Campbell, Margaret Campbell, Elizabeth Ray, Alexander Hatler, Nancy Hatler, Marcus Williams, Anson Williams, and J. W. Powell. The first building was on the corner of Second and San Fernando Streets, and was constructed of brick, and was used as a place of worship until the fall of 1874, when it was removed to give place to the present wood structure now used by the church as a house of worship. Mr. Wynne was succeeded as the pastor of this church in 1854 by the Rev. Mr. Graham. In 1855 Rev. B. F. Johnson was the pastor. In 1856 and 1857 Rev. O. P. Fitzgerald, D. D., was the pastor. He was succeeded by the Rev. J. C. Simmons, who served for two years. Rev. Mr. Rubel was the successor of Mr. Simmons, and served in 1860. Rev. Morris Evans was pastor in 1861 and Joseph Emory in 1862. Rev. O. P. Fitzgerald, D. D., was returned to this station in the fall of 1862 and served during 1863 and 1864. Rev. George Sim was the pastor in 1865 to 1867. Rev. W. F. Compton was pastor in 1868 and 1869, and Rev. A. M. Bailey in 1870. In the fall of 1870 Rev. George Sim was again appointed and served for two years.

        Rev. J. C. Simmons was again the pastor in 1873. Rev. Mr. Hopkins came to the charge in the fall of 1873, and remained until the fall of 1876. Mr. Hopkins was succeeded by the Rev. E. K. Miller, who remained two years, and was succeeded by Rev. H. B. Avery, in 1878, and resigned October, 1880. He was succeeded by Rev. George Sim, who remained in charge till the fall of 1883, when he was succeeded by J. W. Atkinson, who resigned October, 1885. During Mr. Atkinson's term the remainder of the church debt, amounting to $1,100, was paid. Mr. Atkinson was succeeded by C. Y. Rankin, D. D. Since Mr. Rankin's incumbency, the church has been renovated, and new rooms opened up. The membership has been increasing steadily. The church, during the past year, has purchased the following property: House and lot on Delmas Avenue, same being used as a permanent home for the presiding elder of San Francisco district; house and lot on South Seventh Street, residence of the pastor of the church. E. R. Bailey is superintendent of the Sunday-school, and has over one hundred children under his charge.

First Baptist Church.—

        Organized May 19, 1850, by Rev. O. C. Wheeler, of San Francisco, who was the first Baptist minister on the Pacific Coast. It had only eight members at the beginning. This small membership could not afford to engage a permanent pastor, and arrangements were made by which monthly meetings were held, which were conducted by Mr. Wheeler. In November of that year a lot was purchased, and a building erected, at the corner of Third and Santa Clara Streets. Here Rev. L. O. Grenell, from the Baptist Home Missionary Society, took temporary charge, and in the following February was elected permanent pastor. The place of meeting was afterwards moved to the corner of Second and San Antonio Streets, where a brick building had been erected for that purpose. In 1877 a new and commodious structure was built, which was burned in 1882. The present tabernacle was then erected. The pastor now officiating is Rev. A. W. Runyon, who was called in 1887.

Trinity Church (Episcopal).—

        Rev. S. S. Etheridge began the regular services of the Episcopal Church in San Jose, in November, 1860, occupying the old City Hall. The first organization of the parish of Trinity Church was made in February, 1861. Trinity Church was built in 1863. The Rev. S. S. Etheridge continued in charge of the parish until his death, in February, 1864 After his death the Rev. T. A. Hyland officiated for some months. The Rev. D. D. Chapin was then called to the rectorship, and remained in charge until January, 1866. During this time the mortgage upon the church lot was removed, and improvements were made upon the church and grounds. In April, 1866, the Rev. E. S. Peake was called and remained rector until December 1, 1870. On July 27, 1867, the whole debt of the church having been removed, or assumed by individuals in the vestry and congregation, the building was consecrated to the worship of God by Bishop Kip. In January, 1871, the Rev. Geo. Wm. Foote was called to the rectorship of the church. In 1876 the church was enlarged to nearly double its former capacity, and much improved. In 1872 the rectory was built. In 1880 four stained windows were presented to the church, and the Sunday-school was presented with a chime of five bells. Mr. Foote resigned the rectorship in October, 1884, and was succeeded by the Rev. J. B. Wakefield, D. D., who came from Richmond, Indiana, where he was rector of St. Paul's Church for twenty-nine years. Since Mr. Wakefield's appointment the church has been completed by the erection of a tower and spire, and a considerable sum is now on  hand for the building of a chapel, guild rooms, etc., to be built upon an adjoining lot. The church is in a prosperous condition, and has over four hundred communicants.

Christian Church.—

        This church was first organized about 1870. The members met in a little hall over the Home Mutual Fire Insurance Company's office, on Santa Clara Street; Rev. Cary, minister. They afterwards met in Champion Hall for several years, Rev. W. D. Pollard officiating. In March, 1883, Rev. J. W. Ingram came to San Jose from Omaha, Nebraska, and was appointed minister. The members then moved to the California Theater, where they held their meetings until January, 1885, when they moved into their new church, which had been erected on Second Street, between San Antonio and San Fernando Streets. When Mr. Ingram first took charge, the membership was about fifty, and has gradually increased in numbers. At the present writing they have a membership of three hundred. On July 15, 1888, Mr. Ingram resigned, and was succeeded by George E. Walk.

The First United Presbyterian Church of San Jose.-

        This church was organized November 6, 1874, twenty-eight members uniting at that time. Rev. A. Calhoun, by appointment of the General Assembly of the United Presbyterian Church of North America, commenced missionary work in San Jose in the fall of 1874, and remained in charge until the spring of 1879, when he was chosen pastor of the congregation, and regularly installed by the United Presbytery of San Francisco. The organization occupied a little hall over the San Jose Savings Bank, now the Home Mutual Insurance Company's building, for about four years. In the fall of 1878, the congregation erected a church on the corner of Fifth and Santa Clara Streets, the lot and church costing them over twelve thousand dollars. The location is good and the church a model of neatness and comfort.

The Society of Friends.—

        The first religious meeting of the Society of Friends, otherwise known as Quakers, was held in June, 1866, in the building at the corner of Ninth and St. John Streets. The lot was donated by Jesse and David Hobson. In 1873 these meetings were regularly organized under the authority and discipline of the Iowa Yearly Meeting of the Society of Friends. Jane M. F. Canney and Adonijah Gregory were the regularly appointed ministers. In 1886 the society purchased a lot on Stockton Avenue, near the Alameda, and erected a neat meeting-house, where services arc now held.

German Methodist Episcopal Church.-

        This church was founded in the year 1861, by Rev. A. Kellner, but the first regular pastor was Rev. G. H. Bollinger. After the lapse of several years, the Rev. Hermann Brueck arrived, in 1868, and preached to the German residents in the old City Hall, when a small society was formed and a Sunday-school organized. Mr. Brueck's term of service lasted three years, when he was succeeded by Rev. C. H. Afflerbach. During the first year of this gentleman's administration the prescot valuable church property, on Third Street, between Santa Clara and San Fernando Streets, was acquired.

        Mr. Afflerbach served four years, and was succeeded by the Rev. G. H. Bollinger, who served a term of three years, and was succeeded by Rev. F. Bonn, who served four years, and was succeeded by Rev. F. A. Worth, who had charge for four years. Mr. Worth was succeeded by Rev. C. H. Afflerbach, who is now the pastor. The church has a membership of about one hundred.

The First Congregational Church of San Jose.‑

        Services were first held in connection with this church April 11, 1875. On May 3, an "ecclesiastical society" was formed, and on June 2, 1875, the church was organized, Rev. Theodore T. Munger acting pastor, who officiated until the appointment of Rev. M. Willet in 1879, who served for three years and was succeeded by Rev. Martin Post. Mr. Post was succeeded by Rev. Chas. W. Hill, who is the present pastor. The church building was first erected on San Antonio between Second and Third Streets. In 1887 the building was moved to the corner of Second and San Antonio Streets, and a large addition was built to it, making in all a very handsome structure. The new building was dedicated December 27, 1887.

Evangelical Association.-

        This society was formed in October, 1879, with Rev. F. W. Voeglein acting as pastor. The meetings were held in Druid's Hall on First Street until 1881, when they moved into their new church, which had been erected on their lot on the corner of Second and Julian Streets. Mr. Voeglein left for Japan in 1882, and was succeeded in turn by the following-named gentlemen: Revs. F. W. Fisher, T. Suher, C. Gruen, and F. A. Erase. Mr. Frase came in May, 1887, and is now officiating as pastor.

First Presbyterian Church of San Jose.-

        This church was organized on the afternoon of October 7, 1849, by Rev. Mr. Douglass, James Mathers and his wife, Sarah Warren Dutton, S. W. Hopkins, Oliver Crane, Austin Arnold, and Dr. James C. Cobb. The first services were held in the juzgado, or judgment hall, of the Alcade's court. The organization was called the Independent Presbyterian Church of San Jose. The first sacrament of the Lord's Supper was administered in February, 1850, in a blue tent made by "Grandma" Bascom. Mr. Brayton succeeded the Rev. Mr. Douglass as pastor, and was duly installed, and first administered the sacrament October 6, 1850.

        Up to this time the State House had been used, in conjunction with the Baptists, as a place of worship. In the latter part of 1850 a neat building of wood was erected on a fifty-vara lot situated on the east side of Second Street between Santa Clara and St. James Streets. This building cost $3,000, and was dedicated February 9, 1851, by Rev. S. H. Wiley. Mr. Brayton, the pastor, resigned January, 1852, and was succeeded by the Rev. Eli Corwin.

        On March 19, 1865, the name of the church was changed from that of the Independent Church of San Jose to the First Presbyterian Church of San Jose. Mr. Corwin severed his connection with the church in the month of October, 1858, and was succeeded by the Rev. L. Hamilton, who entered upon his labors as pastor May 1, 1859. Mr. Hamilton's incumbency continued until the end of 1864.

        On January 10, 1865, the Rev. William Wisner Martin was elected in his place. Mr. Martin was taken ill and never returned to his parish. He was succeeded by Rev. James S. Wylie. Mr. Wylie tendered his resignation and the same was accepted March 25, 1869. On account of damages done to the church building by an earthquake, October 10, 1868, services were held in the Young Men's Christian Association Building. On April 4, 1869, Murphy's Hall, at the corner of Market and El Dorado Streets, was secured, and the assistance of Rev. P. V. Veeder engaged. The pulpit was without a permanent minister until October 28, 1869, at which time the Rev. William Alexander was appointed. Mr. Alexander resigned March 28, 1871, and was succeeded by the Rev. Eben Morrison Betts, who was appointed October 22, 1871.

        On July 15, 1877, he resigned the pastoral office, and was succeeded November 4, 1878, by Rev. John Paul Egbert, who served a term of four years.

For several years subsequent to Mr. Egbert's resignation, the church was without a regular minister. In 1884, Rev. H. C. Minton was elected pastor, and is now occupying that position.

Unitarian Church.—

        First organized as the Unity Society of San Jose, in 1867. The pastors up to April, 1888, were: Charles G. Ames, J. W. Hatch, D. Cronyn, W. W. McKaig, and Mr. Fowler. Its meetings were held in Murphy's Hall, corner of Market and El Dorado Streets; then at Armory Hall, afterwards San Jose Opera House; then at Music Hall; then at California Theater. In April, 1888, the Unity Society dissolved and the Unitarian Church was organized, with N. A. Haskell as pastor.

St. Joseph's Catholic Church.—

        The history of the Catholic Church has been told all through this narrative. It was the pioneer of the county, and has exerted its influence during all the subsequent years. The first building, as we have related, was erected in 1803. In 1835 a better building, constructed of adobes, was erected on the same site. This building was afterwards encased in brick. It endured many vicissitudes, having been racked by earthquakes, and was finally destroyed by fire. The present magnificent building was erected during the last ten years, having been completed in 1887. It stands over the site of the original church of 1803.

ARTESIAN WELLS.

        In the early days of the American occupation, the scarcity of good water was one of the greatest inconveniences which the inhabitants of San Jose had to contend with. The Mexican people procured water for household purposes from the acequias, or irrigating ditches, that traversed the pueblo in several places. The most important of these was the one from the Canoas Creek, that ran northerly through the town, west of Market Street, and this was kept open, and a guard placed over it, for several years after the present city government was instituted. This, in addition to being neither palatable nor wholesome, was not sufficient in quantity to supply the rapidly increasing population. To meet the constantly growing demand, shallow wells were dug at different points. These wells were of an average depth of about eight feet, and although they increased the supply of water, could not improve its quality. "Grandma Bascom's story," told in the foregoing pages, describes one of these pioneer wells. They were mere holes in the ground without walls, or curbing, or pumps.

        This state of things continued until 1854, when the Merritt Brothers built their brick house on Fifth Street. In January of that year they commenced boring for a lower stratum of water, seeking a stream that did not act as a sewer for all the accumulated filth on the surface of the ground. They struck water at fifty feet deep, but determined to go deeper. At eighty feet they tapped a stream that came rushing to the surface like the eruption of a volcano. The hole was six inches in diameter, and the pressure was sufficient, as Mr. Hall says in his "History of San Jose," to run a saw-mill. The success met in prospecting this well, immediately induced the boring of others. In the same month, Mr. J. S. Shepard had a well sunk on his place about three miles east of town. This well went through muck and clay to a depth of seventy-five feet, to a stratum of sand. Five feet in this sand the water was struck, and although the pipe was extended sixteen feet above the surface of the ground, the water came out of the top as though forced by powerful machinery. During the next month T. Meyers bored a well, getting a plentiful supply of water. But the greatest well in the history of the county was bored in August of the same year, by G. A. Dabney, near San Fernando Street. Mr. Hall thus describes it : "After boring six feet, the auger entered a bed of clay, through which, a distance of fifty-four feet, it penetrated, when the water rushed up with a force unknown here in well-boring. It flooded the surrounding lands so that it became a serious question how the water should be disposed of. The city council declared it a nuisance, and passed an ordinance directing Dabney to stop or control the flow of water; and, if not, he should pay a fine of $50 for every day he allowed it thus to run. The ordinance had no effect on the dynamical properties of the water, nor any on Dabney; it flowed on, rising nine feet above the surface of the ground for about six weeks, when other wells which were bored in that vicinity lessened its force and volume. It was a curiosity and received visitors daily. A stream flowed therefrom four feet wide and six inches deep."

        After this demonstration of the fact that artesian water was to be had, there was no more complaint in regard to lack of this necessary fluid. The old acequia fell into disuse and finally disappeared. Wells were sunk in various localities, and always with good results; but as the wells accumulated the force of the flow was somewhat diminished, as in the case of Dabney's well, except as new streams were tapped. Especially were wells made on the lower land to the north of town, for irrigating purposes. At one time the California Land Investment Company, which had acquired several thousand acres of salt-marsh land along the shore of the bay, attempted to reclaim it by means of artesian wells. The project was to build levees around their property to shut out the sea, pump out the salt water, and replace it with fresh artesian water. They went so far as to bore many wells, but abandoned the project, either because it was impracticable, or on account of the expense. The wells, however, were a great source of annoyance to the people to the north. Being allowed to flow continually, the water in other wells was lowered, until many of them ceased to flow at all. The matter became so disastrous that an act was passed by the Legislature declaring it a misdemeanor to permit flowing artesian wells to remain uncapped when not in use. After much labor this law was enforced, and the injured wells recovered their vigor.

        Perhaps no natural peculiarity of the Santa Clara Valley has been so little understood as the location of artesian streams. Many attempts have been made to trace and locate the artesian belt, but it is continually being struck outside these locations, and no one now cares to risk his reputation by saying where it is not. It was at first thought to lie exclusively between San Jose and the bay, following the lower levels of the valley. In 1870 artesian water was supposed to have been found in the San Felipe Valley, southeast of Gilroy. But one night a well, windmill, tank, house, and frame, on the property of Mr. Buck, sunk out of sight, and the longest sounding-line was unable to discover its whereabouts! This indicated that the supply was a lake, and not a stream. In 1887 flowing artesian water was found at Gilroy, and that neighborhood is likely to be fully developed in this respect. Mr. R. C. McPherson, who for ten years has been sinking oil wells in the Santa Cruz Mountains, says that often the pressure of water is so great as to force itself through the seams of pipe that was considered to be perfectly water-tight.

        With all the facts understood, there can be no doubt that artesian water can be had at any point in the valley, not excepting the higher grounds near the foothills. As yet no efficient prospect has been made, except in the region generally accepted as the artesian belt; but we feel assured that a well sunk to a depth of twenty-five hundred feet would find a stream with sufficient force to give a surface flow, in the most unlikely location. The well-boring machinery and tools used at the present time are inadequate for these deep wells on the higher grounds. The derrick is usually but twenty feet high, the tools are of comparatively frail construction, and the work is all done by hand. We predict that when the company now being organized begins to prospect for natural gas, with proper implements, the artesian belt will be found to be practically limitless.

BANKS.

The Bank of San Jose.—

        The pioneer bank in the Santa Clara Valley was opened for business in March, 1866, by W. J. Knox and T. Ellard Beans, under the firm title of Knox & Beans, and was conducted as a private banking house until January 31, 1868, on which date it was incorporated as a State bank, being the first bank incorporated in interior California. The first officers were John G. Bray, President; T. Ellard Beans, Cashier and Manager; John T. Calahan was appointed Assistant Cashier in 1880, which position he still holds; C. W. Pomeroy, Secretary. The capital stock is $200,000. In 1870 Mr. Bray died, and Mr. Beans became president, which position he still holds. Henry Philip succeeded him as cashier, and acted in that capacity till 1875, when Clement T. Park, the present cashier, succeeded him.

        In 1871 the Bank of San Jose Block, on the northeast corner of First and Santa Clara Streets, was begun, and completed the following year. The building has a frontage of ninety feet on Santa Clara Street, and one hundred feet on First, is symmetrical in architectural design, and cost $120,000. Besides the commodious banking rooms, there are several fine stores on the first floor. The second floor is occupied, in part, by the San Jose Board of Trade, and the remainder and the upper story are devoted to offices.

        The bank has been under the able management of Mr. Beans throughout its entire history, and its career has been one of marked success, as the following facts and figures show: The Bank of San Jose has paid two hundred and forty dividends up to July 1, 1888, aggregating two hundred and ninety-one per cent of the par value of the capital stock, with an additional surplus of seventy-five per cent. It does strictly a commercial business; has correspondents in San Francisco, New York, and London, on which it draws direct.

        T. Ellard Beans was born in Salem, Ohio, sixty years ago. His early business life was passed in mercantile pursuits; spent two years in a banking house in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Came to California in 1849; directed his attention to mining for a time, and later was engaged in merchandising in Nevada City seven years; came near losing his life by the great fire in that place in 1856. He came to San Jose in 1866, and the same year projected and established the bank, as before stated. Mr. Beans is one of that honored class termed self-made men, and has long been regarded as one of San Jose's most able and reliable business men.

The First National Bank of San Jose

was organized July 11, 1874, with a paid-up capital of $500,000. Mr. W. D. Tisdale, the present president, was its first cashier, and has been the active manager of the bank from its organization. The bank is situated on the southwest corner of First and Santa Clara Streets. It does a general commercial banking business, and draws direct on San Francisco, New York, and the principal cities of Europe, having correspondents in the leading banks of those cities. The First National pays no interest on deposits. The fourteen years of its business life have been years of steady prosperity and growth. The accumulated surplus and dividends aggregate $176,000 ; and the present deposits are about $600,000. In 1880 W. D. Tisdale became president, and L. G. Nesmith, hitherto assistant cashier, became cashier, which position he now holds. The bank employs six clerks, besides the officers.

        Mr. Tisdale came to the Pacific Coast in 1854, when nine years of age, and was for many years identified with mining interests in Nevada County, California. He settled in San Jose, in 1872, and soon after, with others, took steps to organize the bank. Mr. Tisdale is of old Mohawk Dutch stock, the son of William L. Tisdale (now a resident of Santa Clara County), and was born in Utica, New York. He married Miss Gephart, a native of Michigan. They have four children. William L. Tisdale has been a resident of this State since early in fifty, and now lives on the Alameda, retired from active business. He is a stockholder in the First National Bank.

The Garden City National Bank

was chartered and organized on the third day of June, 1887, and opened for business on July 18, 1887, with $100,000 capital paid in. Dr. C. W. Breyfogle, who projected and perfected its organization, was chosen president, George M. Bowman, vice-president, and Thomas F. Morrison, cashier. The bank, being a regular national bank, confines its transactions to commercial business solely. It is situated on the northwest corner of First and San Fernando Streets, almost in the geographical center of San Jose, and occupies a beautiful suite of banking rooms, fitted up expressly for its use, with a ten years' lease. The eighteen stockholders are among the best known, most competent, and successful business men of Santa Clara County. The bank draws directly upon San Francisco, New York, and all the principal cities of Europe, and has correspondents in all important commercial centers. The Garden City, the youngest of San Jose's banking houses, starts off under very promising auspices. Its brief history so far fills the measure of the most sanguine projectors. At the end of its first eight months' operations the report showed $177,894.51 in individual deposits; demand certificate deposits amounting to $48,150.13, and undivided profits of $5.37045.

        Dr. C. W. Breyfogle emanates from the heart of the Buckeye State, was born in Columbus, Ohio, in June, 1841. He was graduated from Ohio Wesleyan University, in 1863, having completed a four years' college course in three years. The same year he left college he entered the U. S. army as Second Lieutenant of Company E in the 9th Ohio Cavalry, which was assigned to Gen. W. T. Sherman's command. Lieutenant Breyfogle soon rose, by successive promotions, to First Lieutenant and to Captain of his company. His eyesight becoming seriously impaired by an attack of paralysis of the optic nerve, Captain Breyfogle was compelled to resign at the end of fourteen months of service, and seek relief. After a partial recovery from his affliction, he began reading law in the office of Judge Rankin, in Columbus; but just before he finished the course his eyes again failed, and he had to abandon study. On being cured by homeopathic treatment, Mr. Breyfogle was so pleased with the system that he resolved to master it. He began to study, and, in 1865, graduated from the Homeopathic Medical College at Philadelphia, and commenced practice. Two of his brothers followed his example, studied medicine with him, and are practicing physicians.

        Dr. Breyfogle came to California and to San Jose in 1871, broken down in health by overwork in the profession in Louisville, Kentucky. He rapidly recovered, and spent fifteen years in active practice in Santa Clara County, from which he retired to take the presidency of the bank. In May, 1886, Dr. Breyfogle was elected mayor of the city, and filled the office two years. During his administration a number of measures of great benefit to the city were inaugurated and crystallized into laws. Among them is an ordinance authorizing the issuing of city bonds for $500,000 for the purpose of making much-needed improvements. This measure met with a determined opposition, and one defeat, but finally triumphed. The new City Hall was commenced, and a general system of sidewalk construction started. In February, 1885, Dr. Breyfogle organized the San Jose Building and Loan Association, with a capital stock of two thousand five hundred shares of $200 each. The stock was so rapidly taken that, at the end of the first year, the stock was increased to $1,500,000, in series of one thousand shares each. The association has proved very popular, and is a benefaction to home-seekers of small means. It has erected about eighty buildings, mostly in San Jose: In the same year (1885) Dr. Breyfogle also organized the Odd Fellows' Association, for the purpose of building a hall for the order. This enterprise was a flattering success, culminating in the erection and completion of the splendid block on the southwest corner of Santa Clara and Third Streets, one of the finest in the city. Dr. Breyfogle is a member of the Board of Freeholders, and has served in the City Board of Education. Thus it will be seen that Dr. Breyfogle is an enterprising, public-spirited, cultured gentleman, of whom the city may well feel proud.

The San Jose Safe Deposit Bank of Savings

first opened its doors for business on the first day of May, 1885, as an incorporated institution under the laws of California, in the Safe Deposit Block, on the southeast corner of Santa Clara and First Streets, with Mr. E. McLaughlin as manager. On May 4, 1869, Mr. E. McLaughlin and C. T. Ryland established a private banking house in a building previously erected for the purpose by Mr. McLaughlin, on Santa Clara Street, between First and Second Streets. Mr. McLaughlin had intended to open the bank himself, but the partnership was formed with Mr. Ryland before he was ready to start. In 1872 the firm erected the Safe Deposit Block, which it moved into and occupied until their business was merged into the Commercial Savings Bank, two years later. The Commercial Savings Bank was organized as a joint-stock company, with Messrs. E. McLaughlin, C. T. Ryland, and Martin Murphy as stockholders, and opened for business May 13, 1874, with E. McLaughlin as active manager. It leased the banking rooms in the Safe Deposit Block, and occupied them until it moved to the opposite corner, in 1886. In January, 1883, Mr. McLaughlin disposed of his interest in the bank and retired from its management. In February of the same year he purchased Mr. Ryland's interest in the Safe Deposit Block. Ever since it was opened, the Safe Deposit Bank has been under the official control of Mr. McLaughlin as manager, with M. Malarin as president, and John E. Auzerais as cashier. Its elegant banking rooms are equipped with one of the largest and best safety deposit vaults on the Pacific Coast, or in the whole country. It is thirty-one feet long, twelve feet four inches broad; is fitted up with small safety vaults for private individuals; has double doors with time-locks, and is both fire and burglar proof. The bank does both a commercial and savings business. It keeps its own accounts with New York and London, and has its own independent connections with business in those cities, as well as with San Francisco. The paid up capital of the bank is $300,000, with a reserve fund of $75,000, and a nominal capital of $1,000,000. It pays interest on deposits.

        E. McLaughlin is a native of the Keystone State, born in Philadelphia in 1829. His early life was chiefly passed in New Orleans. He came to California during the gold excitement, and embarked in the hardware business in Nevada County in 1852. In 1866 he sold out and spent a year in Europe, and on returning, came to San Jose in 1868, with the intention of retiring from active business. But not feeling contented to be idle, he decided to engage in banking, and erected the building for that purpose before mentioned. He still is interested in the hardware business in Los Angeles. The Safe Deposit Block (which he sold to the bank for $200,000) is one of the finest business blocks in interior California. It is three stories in height and beautiful in architectural design, having a frontage of one hundred and twenty-six and one-half feet on First Street, seventy feet on Santa Clara, and one hundred and thirty-eight feet on Fountain Street. Besides the splendid banking-rooms, there are several stores on the first floor. The other stories are used for offices.

The Commercial and Savings Bank

was organized May 13, 1874. It first occupied rooms in the Safe Deposit Block, but in 1885, on the organization of the Safe Deposit Bank of Savings, it moved to its present quarters at the northwest corner of Santa Clara and First Streets. Its capital is $1,000,000, of which $300,000 is paid up. Its surplus fund amounts to $180,000. Its officers are B. D. Murphy, president; F. P. Ryland, cashier; John T. McGeoghegan, secretary.

SOCIETIES.

Odd Fellows' Hall Association.—

        This association was organized in December, 1884. The capital stock consists of four thousand and five hundred shares valued at $10 per share. The stock was subscribed for, and the money paid in long before the completion of the building. The building is located on the corner of Santa Clara and Third Streets. There are two large halls in the upper story used for lodge rooms, which are probably as spacious and elegantly fitted up as any lodge rooms in the State. The promoters of this organization deserve a great deal of credit for the enterprise and energy displayed by them in thus adding to San Jose one of its most handsome buildings. The association has paid regular dividends and the stock is now held at a premium.

        The present officers are : C. W. Breyfogle, President ; Henry Phelps, Vice-President ; C. W. Pomeroy, Treasurer; M. H. Hyland, Secretary ; D. J. Porter, C. D. Freitag, J. Jacqulin, Henry Phelps, C. W. Breyfogle, Karl Klein, and Jacob Lenzen, Directors.

San Jose Lodge, No. 34, I. O. O. F.—

        This was the first Lodge of I. 0. 0. F. instituted in Santa Clara County. It was organized at San Jose, December 30, 1854, with the following charter members and first officers of the Lodge: O. P. Watson, T. R. Kibbe, Jas. H. Morgan, John R. Wilson, Wm. Brothers, F. F. Letcher, Jas .M. Merritt, John R. Price, G. B, Crane, M. D. First officers of the Lodge : Past Grands, T. R. Kibbe, George Peck ; O. P. Watson, Noble Grand ; Jas. H. Morgan, Vice-Grand ; John R. Wilson, Recording Secretary; John B. Hewson, Permanent Secretary; Geo. B. Crane, Treasurer.

        The present officers are : M. Pixley, P. G.; Plin Ford, N. G.; H. P. Larautte, V. G.; M. H. Hyland, R. S.; Hugh Young, P. S.; H. Moser, Treasurer ; Thomas Williams, Henry Phelps, and Dr. J. C. Stout, Trustees.

Garden City Lodge, No. 112, 1. O. O. F.,

was instituted March 20, 1868, with the following charter members : R. S. Carter, J. P. Backesto, F. T. Risdon. A. P. Hulse, G. W. Kneedler, C. C. Cook, H. E. Hills, R. Scott, C. W. Pomeroy, D. J. Porter and C. G. Button. The Lodge now has two hundred and fifty members, and has assets amounting to about $12,000. The following are the Noble Grands from organization to date: C. C. Cook, Robert Scott, C. W Pomeroy, A. R. Manly, D. C. Vestal, D. J. Porter, S. A. Barker, H. A. Crawford, J. H. Miller, M. H. Gay, William Grant, J. W. Haskell, J. B. Church, T. J. Cook, J. A. Lotz, H. H. Curtis, H. T. Wells, C. L. W. Sykes, G. H. Blakeslee, W. L. Coombs, W. M. Ginty, H. L. Cutter, C. H. Simonds, L. J. Chipman, Robert Caldwell, C. J. Owen, Homer Prindle, B. G. Allen, C. W. Breyfogle, H. W. Cote, John Manzer, W. A. Parkhurst, J. J. Bradley, George Lendrum, W. H. Hammond, P. F. Gosbey, R. P. Munroe, C. A. Hubback, J. P. Jarman, H. A. Saxe, A. C. Bates, and S. B. Caldwell.

        The other officers at present are: C. J. Owen, R. S.; J. R. Bailey, P. S.; and J. A. Tully, Treasurer.

Allemania Lodge, No. 178, I. O. O. F.—

The establishment of this Lodge dates September 2, 1870, the following being the charter members : Charles E. Raabe, Theodore Gebler, C. Claassen, J. Knipper, H. Albert, F. Biebrach, Jacob Haub, and Louis Ranschenbach.

        The original officers were : C. E. Rabb, N. G.; T. Gebler, V. G.; C. Claassen, Treasurer, and J. Knipper, Secretary.

Stella Rebekah Degree Lodge, No. 22, I. O. O. F.—

        This Lodge was instituted January 12, 1875, with the under-mentioned charter members: G. H. Blakeslee, Mrs. G. H. Blakeslee, J. J. Connor, Mary J. Connor, Mrs. D. Ackerman, S. A. Barker, Mrs. S. A. Barker, Mrs. D. J. Porter, F. Buneman, Mrs. F. Buneman, D. Boernert, Mrs. D. Boernert, H. A. Crawford, Mrs. H. A. Crawford, T. J. Cook, Mrs. T. J. Cook, W. L. Coombs, Mrs. W. L. Coombs, J. W. Coombs, Mrs. J. W. Coombs, H. H. Curtis, Mrs. H. H. Curtis, Wm. J. Colahan, Mrs. C. Smith, C. Crudts, Mrs. C. Crudts, Milton Campbell, Mrs. M. Campbell, J. F. Chambers, Mrs. J. F. Chambers, G. W. Ethell, Mrs. G. W. Ethell, T. Gebler, Mrs. T. Gebler, A. Gabriel, Mrs. A. Gabriel, Sam. P. Howes, Mrs. Sam. P. Howes, C. A. Hunt, Mrs. C. A. Hunt, C. A. Hough, Mrs. C. A. Hough, S. H. Herring, Mrs. S. H. Herring, J. W. Haskell, Mrs. J. W. Haskell, Jos. Hodgetts, W. A. Jackson, Mrs. W. A. Jackson, S. B. Jacobs, G. C. Manner, Mrs. R. Kenyon, Henry Lux, R. W. Kibbey, J. Knipper, Mrs. J. Knipper, Jos. A. Lotz, Albert Lake, W. M. Lovell, W. A. Lewis, Mrs. W. A. Lewis, J. McCole, Mrs. J. McCole, Wm. McLeod, Mrs. Wm. McLeod, J. H. Miller, Ben. Miller, Mrs. Ben Miller, H. Moser, Mrs. H. Moser, J. J. Menefee, Mrs. J. J. Menefee, H. Mitchell, Mrs. H. Mitchell, G. Nelson, W. L. Northern, Mrs. W. L. Northern, S. Newson, Mrs. L. C. Newson, Jos. O'Connor, Henry Phelps, C. W. Pomeroy, Mrs. C. W. Pomeroy, A. C. Perkins, Mrs. A. C. Perkins, Jules Pelle, D. J. Porter, Charles Patocchi, W. A. Parkhurst, Mrs. W. A. Parkhurst, Mrs. A. K. Philbrook, H. Piessnecker, Mrs. H. Piessnecker, Louis Ranschenbach, Mrs. D. Ranschenbach, Charles E. Schroder, Charles S. W. Sikes, Mrs. Louisa Sikes, D. L. Shead, Mrs. D. L. Shead, Chas. Shephard, Mrs. C. Shephard, M. Schlessinger, Mrs. M. Schlessinger, J. N. Spencer, Mrs. J. N. Spencer, H. J. Stone, Mrs. H. J. Stone, T. C. Winchell, W. C. Wilson, Thomas Williams, Mrs. T. Williams, H. T. Welch, Mrs. H. T. Welch, W. M. Williamson, Leopold Weitch, Wm. L. Woodson, Hugh Young, Mrs. H. Young, G. W. Zimmer, Mrs. G. W. Zimmer, A. C. Tedford, L. J. Tedford, Mrs. S. E. Morton, Mrs. Ellen Lux, Mrs. M. L. Lovell, Mrs. Emma Manner, Mrs. Addie Wilcox, Mrs. Esther Eslich, Mrs. E. Pearce, Mrs. E. M. Rhodes, Mrs. Mary Sterens, Mrs. Fanny O'Connor, J. B. Church, Mrs. J. B. Church, D. H. Kelsey, Mrs. D. H. Kelsey, H. J. Jamian, Mrs. H. J. Jamian.

        The first officers elected were: P. G., C. W. Pomeroy, N. G.; Mrs. J. J. Crawford, V. G.; Mrs. Mary Jackson, R. S.; Mrs. Louisa Sikes, F. S.; Mrs. C. A. Hunt, Treas.; Theo. Gebler, I. G.; T. J. Cook, W.; W. L. Woodrow, C.; G. W. Ethell, O. G.; Mary A. Williams, R. S. N. G.; Mrs. D. Ranschenbach, L. S. N. G.; Theo. C. Winchell, R. S. V. G.; Gustave Nelson, L. S. V. G.

Mount Hamilton Lodge, No. 43, A. O. U. W.—

        The Ancient Order of United Workmen organized their Lodge August 1, 1878. The original officers were: J. B. Church, P. M. W.; Thomas H. Cordell, M. W.; A. B. Hamilton, G. F.; W. P. Veuve, O.; James M. Pitman, Recorder; O. A. Hale, F.

San Jose Stamm, No. 77, U. O. R. M.—

        This society, which is a branch of the Red Men's Lodge, was organized April 2, 1865, with the following charter members: R. Gerdes, L. Schoen, A. Holloway, W. Roese, T. Lenzen, I. Moser. The officers were: R. Gerdes, Chief; T. Lenzen, Second Chief; L. Schoen, Secretary, and H. Foertsch, Treasurer.

Phil. Sheridan Post, No. 7, Grand Army of the Republic.—

        This Post of the Grand Army of the Republic was organized August 10, 1878, with the following-named charter members: W. F. Ellis, A. M. Henkel, H. T. Welch, John White, Charles Smith, John S. Gessell, D. N. Haskell, J. B. Wright, L. L. Nattinger, D. M. Rodibaugh, F. H. Angell. The following is a list of the Post Commanders since the organization of the Post: W. F. Ellis, A. G. Bennett, L. L. Nattinger, Orrin Taber, Ira Moore, H. S. Foote, H. B. Worcester, J. J. Peard, H. T. Welch, and Bradley Smith.

John A. Dix Post, No. 42, G. A. R.—

        This Post was organized at Druids' Hall, March 23, 1882, at which time thirty-two members were enrolled. The officers were : Orrin Taber, Commander; C. W. Breyfogle, Senior Vice-Commander; George M. Bowman, Junior Vice-Commander; J. H. Russell, Adjutant; J. C. Stout, Quartermaster; A. P. Turner, Chaplain; Dr. Thomas Kelly, Surgeon; A. G. Bennett, Officer of Day; S. Baker, Officer of Guard. In 1884 they moved to what was known as old Masonic Hall, on First Street, where they bought the furniture and fixtures and refitted and decorated the hall throughout. It is now called Grand Army Hall.  The present officers are: J. C. Stout, Commander; W. J. Wolcott, Senior Vice-Commander; S. F. Parker, Junior Vice-Commander; S. B. Anderson, Adjutant; N. R. Carson, Quartermaster; J. G. Gale, Chaplain ; J. K. Secord, Surgeon; A. G. Bennett, Officer of Day; M. J. Fancher, Officer of Guard. The following-named have been Post Commanders: George M. Bowman, J. H. Barber, Judson Rice, C. W. Gausline, A. G. Bennett, J. C. Stout.

Ariel Lodge, No. 248, Independent Order of B'nai B'rith.—

        This Lodge was organized July 12, 1875. The present officers are: E. M. Rosenthal, President; Louis Schloss, Vice-President; Samuel N. Stern, Secretary; J. E. Harris, Financier; E. W. Kowsky, Treasurer; B. M. Bloom, Guard; M. Schlesinger, Sentry. Trustees, Jacob Rich, L. Hart, and H. Levy.

San Jose Grove, No. 23, U. A. O. D.—

        San Jose Grove, No. 23, U. A. O. D., was organized June 11, 1873, by the following Druids: George A. Gebhardt, Adams Schroeder, F. H. Schuoter, J. H. Thompson, Charles Vallant, and Philip Buchele. The present officers are: John Cavallaro, Junior Past Arch; Frank Stebbins, N. A.; A. Tullick, V. A.; J. C. McNamara, Recording Secretary; L. S. Cavallaro, Treasurer; F. Pozzo, Financial Secretary; A. Quanchi, Conductor; John Jasperizza, Inside Guard; G. A. Bonna, Outside Guard; G. A. Gebhardt, M, Lenzen, C. A. Merkle, Trustees. Past Noble Arches of the Grove are : F. D. Boernert, F. Bayersdofer, H. H. Curtiss, L. S. Cavallaro, Joseph Calice, George A. Gebhardt, S. Gaspallon, E. Juth, M. Lenzen, W. W. Markham, C. A. Merkle, G. A. Berd, F. Pozzo, A. Pillot, V. Spagnoli, George Schmidt, M. Trueman, 0. Ziglier, and A. M. Gubiotti.

Harmony Lodge, No. 4, Order of Sons of Hermann.—

        This Lodge was organized July 20, 1879. The first officers were: F. Zueschke, President; E. Boernert, Vice-President; P. Warkentin, Secretary; G. Gebhardt, Treasurer; S. Volk, Conductor; G. Meyer, Inside Guard; E. Heckman, Outside Guard.

San Jose Turn-Verein.—

        This society was organized June 17, 1868, by Henry Seebach, Chris. Yertts, Charles Doerr, E. Reinhardt, F. Hoos, Wm. Conradys, Wm. Ziegler, Wm. Althaus, Julius Kreiger.

        The first officers were: F. Hoos, President; Henry Seebach, Vice-President ; E. Reinhardt, Recording Secretary; C. Doerr, Corresponding Secretary; W. Conradys, Treasurer; W. Ziegler, First Leader; Julius Kreiger, Second Leader; W. Althaus, Curator.

San Jose Germania Verein.—

        The San Jose Verein was started in 1856, and was continued as a German club until 1865, when the Germania was organized. The two were then consolidated and the Germania was instituted. The first President of the San Jose Verein was Louis Krumb, there being associated with him as members Adolph Pfister, John Balbach, Louis Magenheimer, and others. On the formation of the Germania in 1865, Louis Krumb was elected President and Dr. Eichler, Secretary.

Granger Lodge, No. 295, I. O. G. T.—

        The charter for this Lodge was granted March 2, 1874. The original officers were S. B. Caldwell, W. C. T.; Jennie M. Young, W. V. T.; Mrs. M. Cozzens, W. Chap.; W. W. Cozzens, W. Sec.; Mrs. H. A. Malone, W. A. S.; Mrs. Maria Culp, W. F. S.; James Eddy, W. T.; W. S. Boyles, W. M.; Robert Campbell, W. I. G; R. D. Guard, W. 0. G.; Kate Cozzens, W. R. H. S.; Mrs. McMahan, W. L. H. S.; Henry Mitchell, P. W. C. T.

Phil. Sheridan Relief Corps, No. 2.—

        Organized December 8, 1883. The following have been its Presidents since organization : 1884, Olive Welch; 1885, Emma W. Angell; 1886, Serena A. Foote; 1887, Sophronia Smith; 1888, Hattie L. Holcombe.

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES.

The San Jose Woolen Mills.—

        Judge R. F. Peckham visited the Eastern States in 1868, and looked through many of the leading manufacturing establishments, especially those engaged in the production of silk, cotton, and woolen goods. He determined to try to start a woolen mill in San Jose, and to that end gathered all the necessary statistics in regard to the cost, expense of operating, and products of such an institution. He then returned to San Jose, and consulted with some of his financial friends in regard to the possibility of raising, by means of a joint-stock company or corporation, the necessary amount of money for the purpose, which had been estimated would require a capital of $200,000.

        It was decided to organize on a capital of $i00,000, build the mill, get it ready for occupation, then double the capital stock, and get the rest of it taken, and call it in by installments as needed for a working capital.

        In 1869 the building was commenced under the management of Judge Peckham, who had been elected president and managing agent of the company. The cost of the mill was $83,000, leaving only $17,000 of the original capital. The capital stock was doubled and put upon the market; but after a thorough canvass of the county $17,000 of the new capital was all that could be converted, and the concern was compelled to start with a cash capital of $30,000, barely enough to pay running expenses for ten weeks. As manufacturing was a new thing in the State, capitalists had no confidence in the project and refused to advance money except at rates of interest that would eat up all the profits and sink the capital. Cash had to be paid for dye-stuffs, labor, and stock, and the goods had to be sold on credit, ranging in time from ninety days to one year. Consequently there were no profits for the stockholders, and the concern was on the brink of bankruptcy.

        It was then resolved to again double the capital stock and dispose of $283,000 of it, for thirty-three and one-third cents on the dollar. In less than a month this was done, and in less than six months the mill was on a paying basis, and has been so ever since. The mills are located at the corner of San Pedro and Hobson Streets.

Moody's Mill.—

        The oldest mill in the city, now in operation, was first erected by R. G. Moody in 1854, on the bank of the Coyote Creek, about the spot where Empire Street strikes that stream. Here the propelling power was water, procured from an artesian well; the business was transferred to its present location on Third Street in the year 1858, where steam was used instead of water to drive the machinery. The premises consist of the mill and warehouse, with a capacity for the storage of forty thousand sacks of flour, and has its frontage on Third, but running through to Fourth Street. It put in the porcelain rollers soon after their introduction on this coast, and manufactured the celebrated "Lily White" flour. It is now a part of the central milling combination.

Enright's Foundry and Machine Shops.—

        This enterprise was founded by Joseph Enright in 1864, on the site it now occupies on the southeast corner of First and William Streets. The premises contain all of the necessary machinery and workshops needed in their large and prosperous business. A specialty is the manufacture of Enright's celebrated straw-burner threshing engines, but machinery of all kinds is built.

The Pioneer Carriage Manufactory.—

        John Balbach established, on Santa Clara Street, next door to the San Jose Savings Bank, the first shop where a broken vehicle could be repaired or a new one built. The building, which was of adobe, was destroyed in 1853, and a frame house erected on the ground, this in turn being replaced by the present brick erections. He then moved his business to Fountain Alley, between First and Second Streets, where he is now located. C. S. Cryden wise, the pioneer carriage-maker, has charge of the wood-working department.

Pacific Carriage Factory.—

        This establishment was founded in 1874 by D. Hatman and A. Normandin, under the firm name of Hatman & Normandin. It is now located on Santa Clara, between. San Pedro and Orchard Streets, where a general carriage manufacturing business is carried on to the amount of $20,000 per annum. There are twelve men employed on the premises.

Globe Carriage Works.—

        These works are in a fine brick building, erected in 1878, on San Fernando Street, they originally having occupied a position on St. John Street. Here occupation is given to about ten men, although there are facilities for working twenty. The business comprises every manner of carriage and blacksmith work.

Santa Clara Valley Mill and Lumber Company.—

In the fall of the year 1864, W. P. Dougherty started this enterprise, then located on First Street, near San Fernando, where he had a lumber yard. In 1869 an interest was sold to C. X. Hobbs and Samuel McFarlane, when the name of the firm became Hobbs, Dougherty & Co. In the following year William H. Hall and Mr. Dougherty purchased the share of Mr. Hobbs, when the style of the firm was changed to W. P. Dougherty & Co., who bought out, in 1870, the sash factory and planing-mills of Metcalf, McLellan and W. W. Pratt, as also the lumber business of McMurtry & McMillan, when, more extensive premises being required, in 1871 they moved to those now occupied by them on San Fernando Street between Third and Fourth Streets. In 1873 the business had so increased that the firm decided to incorporate, in accordance with the laws of the State, under the name of the Santa Clara Valley Mill and Lumber Company, and the following directors were elected:  B. P. Rankin, James M. Thorp, Jacob Lenzen, W. W. Pratt, W. H. Hall, James Dougherty, and W. P. Dougherty. The President of the concern is W. P. Dougherty, and the Secretary, James M. Thorp. The ground on which the premises stand occupy five fifty-vara lots, while the woodwork turned out by the sash and planing mills is considered the finest in the State. Many of the magnificent mansions in the surrounding counties, notably that of James C. Flood, the "Bonanza King," have been supplied with all the material of this nature from this establishment. The lumber mills of the company are located in the Santa Cruz Mountains, about twenty-five miles from San Jose, on the line of the South Pacific Coast Railroad, where they also own eight thousand acres of timber lands.

Independent Mill and Lumber Company.—

        T. J. Gillespie first started this as a private concern. A short time thereafter, July 1, 1876, the business was incorporated under the laws of the State. The officers elected were: Directors—A. C. Stoddard, C. C. Cook, Smith Henderson, James M. Young, T. J. Gillespie, and J. W. Lowry. T. J. Gillespie was elected President, and J. W. Lowry, Secretary. The corporation deals in all kinds of lumber, and manufacture mouldings, brackets, and do all kinds of mill work, such as planing, sawing, wood-turning, etc., while in connection with the mill is a lumber yard, the lumber being procured from the Santa Cruz Mountains. The works are situated on San Pedro Street, between Julian and St. James.

Angora Robe and Glove Company.—

        This enterprise was started in 1875, as a joint-stock company, C. P. Bailey being President, and A. L. Pomeroy, Secretary. It was incorporated under the laws of the State of California, July 31, 1875, with the above-named officers. and has ever since maintained a flourishing business. The principal articles made are robes, whip-lashes, and gloves, the latter being a specialty. These find a ready market in this and adjoining States. The business is now under the control of C. P. Bailey, the factory being located on Fifth Street, between Washington and Empire Streets.

Tannery of Grozelier & Nelson.—

        The first and only tannery in San Jose is located on the corner of Park Avenue and River Street, and occupies two fifty-vara lots. The business was commenced in the year 1860, by Simon Grozelier and Gustavus Nelson. The buildings consist of beam-house and curriers' shop, and, indeed, all the necessary adjuncts to the manufacture of leather, the machinery for which is now driven by an engine of sixteen-horse power, which took the place, in 1863, of a horse-power mill. There is an annual consumption of about five hundred cords of tan bark, which is procured from the Santa Cruz Mountains. The hides come partly from San Francisco and partly from the Santa Clara Valley, the leather manufactured being principally sole, harness, skirting, bridle, kips, and calf-skins, of which there is an annual out-turn of about ten thousand hides, a sale being found for them all over California. The leather produced here will bear favorable comparison with that of any other tannery in the State. Steady employment is given to fifteen men.

San Jose Fruit Packing Company.—

        J. M. Dawson and W. S. Stevens commenced, in a crude and experimental way, to can fruit. They succeeded in putting up a few hundred cases for the market, and, encouraged by their efforts, the next year formed a company, under the firm name of J. M. Dawson & Co., composed of J. M. Dawson, W. S. Stevens, and Lendrum, Burns & Co. They rented the corner lot on Fifth and Julian Streets, where the San Jose Fruit Packing Company is now located, and there built some rough buildings, procured a small boiler, fitted up according to the best information they had, and enlarged their business very much from the previous year, putting up about four thousand cases. The next year, 1874, finding the demand for their can goods still increasing, even beyond their means and capacity, in June they took Wilson Hays in partnership, and further enlarged their works and products. In January, 1875, the present company was formed, and incorporated as the San Jose Fruit Packing Company, by the following-named gentlemen : J. M. Dawson, W. S. Stevens, John Burns, Wilson Hays, H. A. Keinath, T. B. Dawson, and George Lendrum, and succeeded the old J. M. Dawson firm. From these small beginnings it has, in sixteen years, grown to be one of the first institutions in the county, employing over five hundred hands, mostly women and girls, during the running season, and putting up about two million cans a year, which involves an outlay of over $150,000 annually.

Golden Gate Packing Company.—

        This company have their works on Julian Street, between Third and Fourth Streets, and was started, in 1875, by W. H. Mantz and W. S. Stevens. It afterwards became the property of a joint-stock company, and was finally incorporated, in 1877, by F. S. Hinds, A. P. Jordan, and H. A. Keinath, of San Jose. The original premises were burnt to the ground, December 19, 1879, and was rebuilt in May, 1880. It is a two-story building, one hundred and twenty feet in length, and eighty in width. The cans used are manufactured on the premises. Employment is given to five hundred persons, principally females. The business is increasing each year, showing a larger export, chiefly to Eastern and foreign markets.

San Jose Gas Company.—

        This company was started October 6, 1860, under a franchise granted by the common council of the city to James Hagan, who immediately thereafter commenced the erection of the present works, on the corner of Third and San Fernando Streets. In the same month the company was incorporated under the laws of the State by James Hagan, J. K. Prior, and Thomas Anderson. Mains and pipes were first laid October 24, from the works along Third Street to San Fernando, thence to First Street, to Santa Clara Street, then north and south on Market Street, and on January 2 1, 1861, houses were first lighted, the gas being supplied to eighty-four consumers at the rate of $10 per one thousand cubic feet. In 1862 street lamps were erected, and the public thoroughfares were illuminated. The company has since extended its mains to the town of Santa Clara, a distance of three miles. In 1879 they bought out the Garden City Gas Company, a rival company which had been started the year previous, and thus obtained control of the entire gas supply of the city, as well as that of the town of Santa Clara. The premises on Third Street occupy two fifty-vara lots, and comprise office, retort house, gasometers, coal shed and purifying house. The works on San Augustine Street, near the Alameda, cover nearly three-fourths of an acre, the principal buildings there being the retort house, purifying room, coal shed, as well as a gasholder, generator, and superheater.

The Fredericksburg Brewery.—

        It is an interesting thing to watch the growth and development of a rising city, with the manifold interests that go to make up its progress and advancement. In this respect San Jose is a worthy example. A few years ago she was a lovely city, it is true, favored as the place of residence of many of the wealthy men of the State, yet almost wholly unknown outside for any one striking particular. But all these things are changed, and to­day San Jose is known far and wide, still for its beauty and popularity as a seat of residence, but much more on account of the products of her manufacturing and industrial establishments, which are sought far and wide because of their superior excellence. A case strongly in point is the Fredericksburg Brewery, whose beer has achieved a distinction unrivaled on this coast for purity, healthfulness, and tonic qualities. On a visit to this great institution we must ask the reader to accompany us. Embarking on one of the handsome cars of the Electric Road we are whirled rapidly along the famous Alameda Avenue, with its leafy shade, past the homes of wealthy men, sheltered with giant trees and embowered in flowers, to a point where stirring life and bustling activity proclaim the presence of some great enterprise. It is the Fredericksburg Brewery, the widest known and the most extensive establishment of its kind west of the Rocky Mountains. Immediately opposite is the Agricultural Park, where the annual county fairs are held, and on every side are splendid private residences, the home of culture and affluence. The great pile of massive brick buildings that make up this mammoth brewing establishment are very sightly in their appearance. Fronting on the grand thoroughfare of the Alameda is the reception hall, as yet a modest structure, to be replaced in the near future by a seemly building to correspond with the great brick buildings beyond. It is flanked by a pretty garden and a commodious hotel and refreshment saloon, each feature being liberally patronized by those who enjoy the bounties afforded and the beauties surrounding. Not far beyond, and fronting on Cinnabar Street, which here meets the Alameda, are the large and substantially handsome buildings devoted to the various departments of the brewing business, three fine two-story brick edifices, from whose j unction is now rising a lofty, commanding center, to be, when finished, of three stories, constructed in the strongest manner, and, as is shown by the plans, an elegant structure. It is the new brew-house. In it will be placed a new copper beer kettle, of a capacity of two hundred and twenty-five barrels, also an iron mash tub with copper bottom, an immense hop-jack, hot-water tanks, etc., all of the best construction and manufactured by the George F. Ott Copper and Iron Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia. In the malt-house the curious visitor will see the enormous vats wherein is soaked the barley, the vast stone cellars where it is placed to sprout, the chambers for drying, and the mills for grinding, some slight conception of the magnitude of all these operations being obtained when it is remembered that seven tons per day of barley are transformed into malt.

        The engine-rooms next attract attention, where there is a row of four huge boilers, and furnaces, supplying steam for the engines needed to propel the machinery of the establishment, its lifting, and pulling and pumping, its mills, its elevators, and its enginery. There are in all ten pumps, all necessarily of great power, employed in the establishment, forcing the beer in the different stages of its manufacture to the various parts of the building. Pure artesian water is supplied from two artesian wells. One of the most interesting departments is the refrigerator room, where two engines of forty-horse power each are kept busy in the manufacture of ice, the capacity being over fifty tons per day, and in forcing salt water, cooled beneath the freezing point of fresh water, through the storing rooms. The pipes containing this water are enveloped in a constant coating of ice, presenting a strange appearance as one comes upon them after the genial atmosphere of out-of-doors, or the torrid heat of the engine-rooms. The storage cellars present a sight that will not be easily forgotten, range after range of giant tanks and vats and casks, containing each from thirty-five to two hundred and fifty barrels of beer. The fermenting room, with its long line of frothing vats, when the beer is preparing for the storage cellars, the filters, the great ocean of cooling ship —but why attempt to describe the indescribable? It must be seen to be appreciated, and in despair we abandon the attempt to picture in detail.

        After inspecting the main departments the visitor will not easily tire of going through the bottling, and washing, and the packing-rooms, the cooperage shops, watching the curiously capped bottles that are undergoing the process of Pasteurization, the exquisite finish of the clear and beautiful Pilsener and Culmbacher lager beers prepared for export; and after it is all over he will quaff with a new appreciation the nectar of the crystal clear and wholesome beer presented at the hand of the genial F. A. Baumgartner, the foreman who has done the honors of the establishment by accompanying him through.

        These latter departments occupy commodious wooden buildings distinct from the main brewery, and are admirably fitted. To help the imagination, it must be known that from eight thousand to ten thousand bottles per day are required, these bottles being made some in Illinois and some in Germany, and the annual production has risen from the very small beginning made in 1869, to a grand total of fifty-three thousand barrels from May to May last year, and a probable sixty thousand during this present year, ending 1889. In all some one hundred and twenty men, women, and children find employment, the wages paid and the hours of work having always been eminently satisfactory. In San Jose fifteen horses are needed for the wagons, and a like number are used in connection with the San Francisco business. The brewery is connected directly by an independent switch with the Narrow Gauge Railway, a material advantage when it is considered that shipments upon an immense scale are required to fill the growing demands from Central and South America, Old and  New Mexico, Japan, Australasia, the Sandwich Islands, and the most distant portions of the Pacific Coast States and Territories, in addition to the large and firmly established local trade.

        This great business was inaugurated on a very small scale in 1869, and has steadily prospered, until now, under the efficient management of its proprietors, Messrs. Ernst Schnabel and Ernst A. Denicke, the business is unsurpassed, Mr. Schnabel, a biographical sketch of whose successful life appears on another page, is the manager of the brewery at San Jose, and his watchful oversight the direct cause of the purity and excellence of the beer, while Mr. Denicke resides in San Francisco and manages the outside business. They possess ample capital, and, backed as they are by long and successful experience, and untiring energy, the Fredericksburg Brewing Company constitutes one of the most important commercial institutions of the State.

Mt. Hamilton Stage Co.—

        The history and description of the Lick Observatory upon Mt. Hamilton, and of the nicely finished highway leading to it, is given under appropriate headings elsewhere in this volume. A short time ago Messrs. F. S. Chadbourne, the wealthy furniture dealer of San Francisco, San Diego, and Portland; A. H. Boomer, of the California, Oregon, and Idaho Stage Co., and S. D. Brasto, Division Superintendent of Wells, Fargo & Co.'s Express, anticipating that the site of the observatory would be a tempting place of resort to the public, formed a corporation called the "Mt. Hamilton Stage Co.," for the purpose of establishing a superb line of stages between San Jose and that point. Mr. Chadbourne was elected President, Mr. Boomer, Vice-President, and Mr. Brasto, Secretary and Treasurer. A. W. Ingalsbe was appointed local agent for San Jose, and Jo. Bacon assistant agent. The company sent out agents to purchase the best horses for stage service to be found on the Pacific slope; placed an order for twelve eleven-passenger coaches, constructed in such a manner as to afford to each passenger an outside seat, and began the erection of post-houses, stables, etc., on the route. They sounded the country also for old and experienced stage-drivers, whom they uniformed in corduroy suits and broad-brimmed stage-drivers' sombreros. Tally-ho coaches are also being built, hung very low, which, when completed, will be preceded by a bugler to announce the special points of view, stoppages, etc.

        There are two changes of horses, the coaches being four and six horse, one at Hall's Valley, and one at Smith's Creek. At the latter point, passengers stop thirty minutes for dinner at the Smith Creek Hotel, an establishment owned by T. E. Snell & Son, and ably conducted by Mrs. Hattie Garnosset. The Mt. Hamilton Stage Co. contemplates also the erection of a hotel near the summit so that visitors can remain over and by night view the moon and stars through the largest telescope in the world. The return trip is perhaps more enjoyable than the ascent. As the stage sweeps down the road with its many curves, the landscape unfolds, and in three short hours the tourist is again in San Jose, with ineffaceable recollections of the mountain road, the marvelous prospect, the lofty mountain, and the lonely tomb.

The Western Granite and Marble Company,

one of the representative industries of San Jose, and of the Santa Clara Valley, was organized in May, 1888, with C. T. Ryland as President, John W. Combs, Vice-President; D. B. Murphy, Treasurer; T. P. Ryland, Secretary; W. W. Blanchard, Manager, and T. O'Neil, Superintendent. Their office, yard, and works are situated on North First Street, at the crossing of the Southern Pacific Railroad, and are supplied with steam polishers, and the other requisite machinery to expedite the business. The company owns its own granite quarries at Yuba Pass, California, known as the Crystal Lake Quarries, the stones from which have no superior in the world. The marble used is chiefly from Vermont. The company employ from forty to fifty skilled workmen, including a special artist in designing. Besides the finest and most elaborate monumental and tombstone work, the company makes a specialty of building material in any style of finish. They have a branch house in Oakland for the exhibition and sale of manufactured goods. Their trade extends over California, and the contiguous States and Territories, and will reach $100,000 during the year 1888.

        Although this company was but recently incorporated, the history of its origin and business dates back over a period of years. J. W. Combs established the marble business in San Jose in 1870; and in 1878 W. W. Blanchard and T. O'Neil opened the first permanent granite manufactory in the city. In 1883 a partnership was formed between the three men, and the two interests combined under the firm title of Combs, Blanchard & O'Neil. The combination comprised men of brains, energy, and ability, and its business prospered from the start, growing to such proportions that in order to own and operate their own quarries, and meet other requirements, it was thought best to merge the concern into an incorporated company, with larger capital, which was consummated as above stated.

        John W. Combs was born in New York State, October 17, 1836. His father, who was noted for his skill as a mechanic, died in Mr. Comb's boyhood, and having a blind mother to support, he never attended school but fourteen months. He started in life as a butcher boy, which led him to study the forms and structure of animals; and having natural taste for art, he one day asked a marble cutter for a block of marble, and taking it to his room, he procured an old chisel and mallet, and while sitting up with his sick mother, cut the figure of a lamb out of it. In this first effort the young tyro was so successful and caused so much favorable comment, that it determined the current of young Combs' life. He started in to learn the trade of marble cutter at seventeen years of age, and soon became very expert in figure carving. Although he never took a lesson in art, he has made many pieces, busts, and faces in basso-rilievo from photographs, which have been pronounced fine likenesses. One of his pieces was a basso-rilievo of Pope Leo which sold at a Catholic fair for $150. Other pieces have been valued much higher; among them a bust of ex-Senator Henry C. McEwen, of Dixon, Salina County, which was presented to the Senator by a company of friends with appropriate ceremonies. His figure work has taken numerous first prizes at fairs and exhibitions wherever shown. He came to San Jose in 1870, and has been in the marble business ever since, in the relation of proprietor or joint partner

        Mr. Combs was married in Ogdensburg, New York. He lost his wife in 1865, who died leaving two sons and a daughter. Mr. Combs married his present wife in the same city on January 19, 1867. His two sons are both superior workmen in marble. He is vice-president of the Western Granite and Marble Company.

W. W. Blanchard is a native of Maine, born in 1853. He attended school, learning his trade, and carried on a granite quarry in his native State, shipping dimension stock to Boston. In 1876 he sold out his business and came to California, working at his trade for a time in San Francisco and Oakland; came to San Jose and opened the granite, monument, and building-stone business, in partnership with T. O'Neil, in 1878.

        In 1884 Mr. Blanchard married Miss Lulu K. Baker, daughter of Rev. G. R. Baker, a prominent Methodist clergyman, who was prominent in establishing the University of the Pacific, and laying the foundation for its present flourishing career. Mr. Blanchard is now manager of the Western Granite and Marble Company,

Timothy O'Neil, superintendent of the Western Granite and Marble Works, was born in Connecticut, thirty-five years ago, and learned the trade of stone­cutter in the city of Hartford. He worked at it at several points in the East: did some of the work on the Centennial buildings in Philadelphia. He came to California near the close of 1875, and worked at his trade until starting in business with Mr. Blanchard in San Jose, in 1878. Mr. O'Neil married Mary Frances Devine, in 1886. She is the daughter of J. J. Devine, a pioneer who came to this State in 1850.

San Jose Brush Electric Light Co.,

organized February 25, 1882. In 1881 J. J. Owen, proprietor of the San Jose Mercury, conceived the idea of lighting the city by means of electricity, which he proposed to use by means of high towers which he thought could be so constructed as not to obstruct travel on the streets. The great electric tower at the corner of Santa Clara and Market Streets is the outcome of this idea. Through the efforts of Mr. Owen, money enough was raised by subscription to complete this work, which will stand as a monument to his disinterested public spirit. Soon after the completion of the tower, the system of cranes and masts was introduced, and is now in successful operation. A full account of the operations of this company will be found in the biographical sketch of Pedro de Saisset, elsewhere in this book.

San Jose Water Company.—

        This company was established November 26, 1866, by Donald McKenzie and John Bonner, of San Jose, and R. Chabot, of Oakland, Alameda County, with a capital stock of $100,000. The city of San Jose and the town of Santa Clara granted them exclusive water privileges for the term of twenty-five years. To carry out their plan tanks were constructed, engines built, and the city supplied with water from artesian wells. At the end of two years the supply thus obtained was found insufficient for the growing wants of the community; therefore the right to use the water of the Los Gatos Creek was obtained, and a new company formed in 1868, with an increased capital of $300,000, with N. H. A. Mason, President; D. McKenzie, Vice-President; W. B. Rankin, Secretary; C. X. Hobbs, Superintendent; E. McLaughlin, Treasurer.

        On the formation of the new company, work was begun in bringing the waters of the Los Gatos Creek to San Jose. Reservoirs were made, and pipes laid throughout the city, thus affording a generous supply.

        The water was originally taken from the tail race of the mill at Los Gatos, but other water rights in the mountains have since been acquired, besides large wells near the Guadaloupe Creek, on the Alameda, from which the water is raised by powerful pumps.

STREET RAILROADS.

San Jose and Santa Clara Railroad Company—

        The Legislature of California, in March, 1868, granted a franchise to S. A. Bishop, Charles Silent, Daniel Murphy, D. B. Moody, and their associates to construct a horse railroad along the Alameda from San Jose to Santa Clara. Messrs. Moody and Murphy having declined to avail themselves of the franchise, a new directorate was organized. S. A. Bishop was elected President; John H. Moore, Treasurer, and Charles Silent, Secretary. Work was first started August 31, and the cars made their initial trip on November 1. In 1869 the line was extended eastward, along Santa Clara Street, to the Coyote bridge, and afterward to McLaughlin Avenue. In 1887 the company obtained a franchise from the city and county, and constructed the present electric railroad, which is the first of the kind ever built on the coast.

        The First Street Railroad was built in 1870 by S. A. Bishop, and was the first narrow-gauge street railroad track laid in the United States. Its original route was from the then San Pedro Street depot, along San Pedro, Julian, and First Streets to Reed Street. Mr. Bishop sold his interest to F. C. Bethel, who sold to Geo. F. Baker, and he to Jacob Rich, who now controls it. The route has been changed since to correspond with the general system of street railroads, it being now from the Market Street Depot along First Street, Willow Street, and Lincoln Avenue to Minnesota Avenue in the Willows.

Market Street and Willow Glen Horse Railroad Company.—

        The Board of Supervisors of Santa Clara County, and the mayor and common council of the city of San Jose, granted a franchise, on February 11, 1876, to C. T. Bird, Chas. B. Hensley, John Auzerais, F. J. Sauffrignon, J. C. Bland, Oliver Cottle, Isaac Bird, F. Brassy, T. W. Spring, James R. Lowe, R. C. Swan, and S. Newhall to establish a street railroad. This enterprise developed into the Market Street and Willow Glen Railroad Company, and was incorporated February 23, 1876, with J. J. Denny, John Auzerais, Isaac Bird, F. J. Sauffrignon, and C. T. Bird, Directors; C. T. Bird, President; J. Auzerais, Treasurer, and F. Brassy, Secretary. The route originally authorized was from the intersection of Julian and Market, along Market, San Fernando, San Salvador, and Bird Avenues to Willow Street. When the First Street road extended its line down Willow Street, the road was discontinued from the corner of Delmas Avenue southerly. The route has since been changed, it being at present from the depot at Market Street along Market, San Fernando, and Delmas Avenues. The road is now controlled by Jacob Rich.

The People's Horse Railroad Company.—

        The common council of the city of San Jose granted to the Southeast Side Horse Railroad Company, on February 26, 1877, a franchise for a narrow-gauge railroad, to Jacob Rich, C. G. Harrison, W. S. McMurtry, J. Y. McMillan, and S. W. Boring, the original stock­holders and trustees of .the association, the officers being Jacob Rich, President; S. W. Boring, Secretary. The same parties afterward procured a franchise for a narrow-gauge road, taking for its starting-point the center of Second and San Fernando Streets, and running thence to Market and Santa Clara Streets; on Santa Clara Street to the Alameda, and thence to the town of Santa Clara. Approved February 28, 1879. The Southeast Side Company deeded all its franchises to the new corporation, named the People's Horse Railroad Company. This road is no longer in operation as originally laid out.

North Side Horse Railroad Company.—

        In June, 1875, a franchise was granted to the above-named company, commencing at the intersection of St. John and First Streets, and running thence to Fourteenth and Mission Streets. The officers were: W. S. McMurtry, President; J. Y. McMillan, Secretary; and C. G. Harrison, Manager. It is now controlled by Jacob Rich.

        The early history of San Jose is identical with the history of the surrounding country. So nearly were their interests and enterprises commingled that an attempt to treat them separately would complicate the narrative to an extent to render it nearly unintelligible. After the organization of the county and its general settlement by "foreigners," which was the general appellation given to immigrants, different sections began to develop different interests; villages and towns came into existence, and it is of these we propose to give brief mention.

Contributed by Kathy Sedler.